SURGEON GENERALS WARNING Environmental Tobacco Smoke Causes Lung Canc Essay Example For Students

Specialist GENERALS WARNING: Environmental Tobacco Smoke Causes Lung Canc Essay Specialist GENERALS WARNING: Environmental Tobacco Smoke Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, And May Complicate Pregnancy. Did you realize that a great many people are at the danger of passing on from simply breathing the air around them? Consistently in any event ninety-five percent of American individuals experience the ill effects of (E.T.S.) Environmental Tobacco Smoke, or all the more normally known as recycled smoke. For those that are curious about what recycled smoke is let me disclose it to you. Recycled smoke is a blend of the smoke breathed out by smokers and the smoke that originates from the consuming parts of the bargains, and funnels. This smoke contains around 4,000 substances in which around 50% of these poisonous substances can cause malignancy and other substantial issues. Natural Tobacco Smoke has been an issue for a long time, yet through exceptional research from numerous doctors, non-smokers are at long last getting the regard they merit. Smokers presently need to smoke outside of open spots. While some non-smokers disregard the perils associated with tobacco smoke others are battl ing to live one more day. Ecological Tobacco Smoke is comprised of both a gas stage and a particulate stage. Together they incorporate in excess of 4,000 substances. Programmed tobacco-puffing machines have been concocted to gather and to contemplate the smoke. As of late investigations have indicated us the most unsafe of these synthetic concoctions. Tar is considered the deadliest of the considerable number of substances. Different synthetic substances found in tobacco smoke that are unsafe to us are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carboxyhemoglobin, and nicotine (Mendelson and Mello 33-35). During the consuming procedure of tobacco the tip of the consuming cone (the focal point of the funnel, cigarette, and additionally stogie) arrives at a temperature of almost 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit during a puff. This little impact heater brings about a small substance plant, which utilizes the several accessible materials to create some more. Truth be told, the absolute most significant piece of tobacco smoke (count ing tar and carbon monoxide) are absent in an unburned period of a tobacco item, yet rather are delivered when a puff is taken (Mendelson and Mello 37-38). Different examinations have demonstrated that indoor natural tobacco smoke changes the tobacco substance in the gas stage. As tobacco smoke is released into an indoor domain, weakened, re-flowed inside and vented from the indoor condition, changes happen in the two its synthetic cosmetics stages. Making the gas stage substance more unsafe than being in an outside situation (Ecobichon and Wu 3-4). Tobacco items produce two sorts of smoke, standard and sidestream. Standard smoke is the smoke that smokers breathe in into their lungs. Sidestream smoke is the smoke that is breathed out by the smoker. The normal smoker breathes in ten two-second puffs of standard smoke from the tobacco item they are smoking. As the cigarette, channel, or stogie sits it discharges influxes of sidestream smoke into the air. As per a few researchers, sidestream smoke is much more risky than standard smoke. In an ongoing article created by the Iowa Medical Society it expresses that sidestream smoke contains multiple times the carbon monoxide, multiple times the tar and nicotine, and up to multiple times the quantity of cancer-causing agents found in standard smoke. An investigation detailed by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences affirms that recycled smoke contains up to multiple times more cancer-causing agents (Ling et al. 92). Cancer-causing agents are depicted in the Websters wo rd reference similar to a substance that delivers a threatening tumor, or malignant growth in a living cell (Landoll et al. 71). In todays society individuals know that tobacco smoke is undesirable, however most decide not to get worried about what this compound does to their bodies. With the measure of smokers in todays society, Environmental Tobacco Smoke has weakened are air with a great many synthetic substances that makes extreme harm both our inward and outside body segments. Specialist Ameron of Atlanta Georgia works that six out of ten non-smokers will wind up with decreased lung working as well as upper or lower respiratory issues. As indicated by Ameron, used smoke is much more risky than standard smoke. He additionally expresses that breathing tobacco smoke can irritate the state of individuals with hypersensitivities or with lung, heart, or respiratory issues. Victims with interminable bronchitis and emphysema, for example, are made amazingly awkward by extreme air contamination. However the degrees of carbon monoxide and different toxins in smoke-occupied rooms might be as high or higher than thos e that happen during air contamination crises (Berger 81-87). As per a Health Advocate Magazine, inquire about from various doctors show that Environmental Tobacco Smoke can cause extreme heart conditions, and grouped respiratory issues by being presented to the smoke for a while. Indeed, even fit as a fiddle people are influenced by recycled smoke. Their pulse, circulatory strain, and the degree of carbon monoxide in the blood increment when they take in air loaded with tobacco smoke. Likewise, significantly after nonsmokers leave a smoky room, it takes hours for the carbon monoxide to leave their bodies. In contrast to oxygen, which is taken in and afterward out again in minutes, carbon monoxide stays in the blood for significant stretches of time (Smith 27-29). a diary on of mice and men EssayA as of late distributed investigation in the New England Journal of Medicine demonstrated decreased lung working in youngsters whose mother smoke cigarettes. There is likewise proof that once lung infection starts in adolescence, it can proceed and even exacerbate over a lifetime. Other Scientific disclosures show that sixty-five percent of youngsters that live with guardians who smoke have ceaseless learning handicaps, and strange development designs. Specialists have perceived such issues as these to be a main source of sadness among teenagers; prompting self destruction (Lebowitz 171-172). In this exploration I have talked about the make up of ecological tobacco Smoke and the harms it can cause to non-smoking grown-ups and youngsters. Unmistakably this savage compound is unfortunate to our regular day to day existences. Recycled smoke is hurtful to our general public, and will keep on being except if we as individuals stand firm for our youngsters and ourselves. Try not to let this dangerous material control your life. Keep away from a wide range of tobacco smoke to guarantee a sound life for you and your families. This is one significant advance in making our reality a more advantageous spot to live. BibliographyWorks CitedBender, David et. al. Smoking: Current Controversies. Drinking spree David. San Diego California. September 23, 1995. 362.29. Berger, Gilda. Smoking Not Allowed: The Debate. Business Week. Office Smokers Feel the Heat, November 29, 1982. Day by day News. Smoking Bill Clouds the Issue, March 26, 1986. Diary of the American Medical Association. Nonsmokers Rights, May 19, 1978. Diary of the Israel Medical Association. Aloof Smoking, April 1, 1981. 362.29. Cain, W. et. al. Ecological Tobacco Smoke: Sensory Reactions of Occupants. Air Environment. Massachusetts. July 03,. 1988. 347.35. Ecobichon, Donald and Wu, Joseph. Ecological Tobacco Smoke: Proceedings of the International Symposium at McGill University 1989. McGill University: Montreal, Canada. November 3 and 4 1989. 616.86. Singed, Peter and Oxorn, Harry. Smoking For Two: Cigarettes and Pregnancy. The Free Press. A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. New York, New York. Collier Macmillan Publishers. Canada. April 05, 1980. 618.32Hammond, s. et al. Assortment and Analysis of Nicotine as a Marker for Environmental Tobacco Smoke. New York, New York. October 15, 1992. 457.46. Landoll, Inc et. Al. Websters Dictionary: New Revised and Expanded Edition. Landoll Inc. Ashland, Ohio. 1993. 71. Lebowitz, M.D., and Holberg C.H. Impacts of parental smoking and other hazard factors on the improvement of pneumonic capacity in kids and teenagers. Am. J. Epidemiol. Massachusetts/Toronto. February 24, 1988. 982.47Mendelson, Jack and Mello, Nancy. The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Drugs: Nicotine an Old-Fashioned Addiction. Chelsea House Publishers. New York, New York. 1985. 613.85. Sullum, Jacob. To Your Benefit: The Anti-Smoking Crusade and the Tyranny of Public Health. The free press: New York, New York. April 12, 1998. 363.4.

Local History Museum and Tourist Office, Kepsey, New South Wales by Essay

Neighborhood History Museum and Tourist Office, Kepsey, New South Wales by Glenn Murcutt - Essay Example While living in Greek Island, Murcutt found how basic this engineering was as to method of reasoning and certainty. He was interested by how the entire technique utilized a predetermined number of materials that made a lovely engineering when comprehended. His significant comprehension of the spot and the straightforwardness included made an affected his quest for appropriate engineering in Australia. In 1965, Mercut came back to Australia and protected work with Ancher Mortlock Murray, a doyen of Sydney draftsmen, and Wolley. While here, Mercutt cases to have been impacted more by Ancher first as a designer then as a tutor throughout everyday life. In 1969, he proceeded to set up a free practice for which he filled in as a sole administrator in the later days. Glenn Murcutt is known as a nation individual. Among his critical distractions as a planner is the association of his structure to the nature, scene and the bramble. As per Murcutt, a structure fills in as a channel among comp onents and man. Among the significant works is the Local History Museum and Tourist Office, Kepsey, in the New South Wales. This work highlights Macleay valley history previously and considerably after the appearance of white pilgrims. It incorporates the pioneer cabin that is outfitted utilizing things gathered from neighborhood networks to delineate the native’s history. Here, the things showed incorporate bootmaking, native history, timber industry, characteristic history, military history, dairy history, chronicled vehicles, delivery, nearby down home music, earthenware production and dish sets, and negative photography assortment. Neighborhood History Museum and Tourist Office, Kepsey, New South Wales was developed to meet the Meclay authentic culture need of a house that will store antiques and substance of nearby history. The need to make a for the most part controlled condition to suit safe stockpiling of the attire,

Whats happening at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Whats happening at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Every week SIPA hosts thought provoking lectures and discussions on campus.   Below is a snapshot of next weeks events; topics include gender equality, media, security, and post-colonialism. For details and a full list of events happening at SIPA , please visit our website. MONDAY, JANUARY 28, 2013 Borders and Security in Israeli Diplomacy 12:15 p.m. 2:00 p.m. Lecture with Ambassador Dore Gold, former Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations. Moderated by Dr. Stephanie Neuman, Director, Comparative Studies Program Member, the Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies. Sponsor: Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies MONDAY, JANUARY 28, 2013 Women and Media: Gender Equality 7:00 p.m. 8:00 p.m. Discussion with Vuslat Dogan Sabanci,CEO of Hurriyet Newspaper Publishing Company in Turkey. Sponsor: Middle East Institute, Columbia Global Centers Turkey, and Columbia Turkish Students MONDAY, JANUARY 28, 2013 Building Peace in Colombia: The Governments Efforts in the Demobilization and Reintegration of Illegal Armed Groups 7:00 p.m. 8:30 p.m. Lecture with Alejandro Eder, Director, Columbian Agency for Reintegration and SIPA Class of 2006 and Professor José Antonio Ocampo, Director, Economic and Political Development Concentration, Columbia SIPA. Confirmation of attendance suggested: Please send an e-mail to Carolina Ocampo-Maya by Friday January 26, 2013 at co2296@columbia.edu. Write “interested in event” on the subject and include your full name. Sponsor: Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies TUESDAY, JANUARY 29, 2013 Overkill: The Case for Reevaluating U.S. Nuclear Strategy 4:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Lecture with Christopher Preble and Benjamin Friedman, CATO Institute. Moderated by Dr. Richard Betts, Director, the Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies. Sponsor: Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 30, 2013 Second in Command: A Conversation with UN Deputy Secretary-General Jan Eliasson on Global Politics, Leadership, and His Role at the Top of the United Nations 6:00 p.m. 8:00 p.m. Join Professor Elisabeth Lindenmayer and Deputy-Secretary General Jan Eliasson for a discussion on the current geopolitical climate, challenges faced by the United Nations, and Eliassons lifetime of responsibilities. Sponsor: SIPA, UN Studies Program THURSDAY, JANUARY 31, 2013 Political Protests in Russia: New Perspectives and Unexpected Findings 5:30 p.m. 8:00 p.m. Panel discussion with Graeme B. Robertson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Regina Smyth, Indiana University; and Mark R. Beissinger, Princeton University. Sponsor: Harriman Institute THURSDAY, JANUARY 31, 2013 The Economic Development of Latin America since Independence 6:00 p.m. 7:30 p.m. José Antonio Ocampo will discuss his new book, written with Luis Bértola. Sponsor: Economic and Political Development Concentration FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 01, 2013 New Media in Education 2013 Conference 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. This free, one-day event sponsored by the Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning will bring together the Columbia community and colleagues in higher education technology for dialogue around technology in education and academic life. Speakers from Columbia and beyond will address critical issues affecting education and technology today, such as online learning, digital publishing, and social media. Subtitled Bits to Breakthroughs,  the 2013 conference will focus on how new media can enhance educational initiatives for meaningful local and global impact. To register, visit nme2013.eventbrite.com Sponsor: Center for New Media Teaching and Learning

Importance Of Organ Donation - 1094 Words

Have you ever thought about how many people die every day? Have you ever thought about how they die and why? Most of the people would answer that they do not think about it, not because they are selfish just because this is a normal process someone dies other are born in the same day. True. Every day in USA dies around 7000 persons according to the United Nations Statistics Division. What if I will say that almost a  ¼ of them die because of the lack of donor organs? Still don’t care? What if among all the persons there is someone whom you know? I suppose now you care. I will introduce you the myths about organ donation, real facts and solutions. Let me introduce you first the definition of organ donation and some details of the history of†¦show more content†¦Because of our busy modern lifes, people usually complain on the lack of time for doing everything especially when is regarding some volunteer work, charity or simple help for others that are need, the quotation underlines one more time that there is no need to have a certain time to be kind, it just happens to you regardless of the circumstances. In my opinion the organ donation is the greatest act of kindness and human generosity because organ donation is a gift of life. What we have now? We have a big insufficiente of organ donors, a huge waiting list and a constant number of eighteen people that die per day because they they do not receive their organs in time. According to the Organ Donation Governmental Organization the waiting list consists of over 120 000 women, men and children of different ages. The waiting list is increasing as a consequence every 13 minutes, a new person is added to the national transplant waiting list according to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. The lack of organ donors was always an issue for the Health Department. There were initiate numerous campaigns to attract people’s attention and to influence them to become donors, as well as there were launched various social advertisements, banners and many other methods to convince the American populations to save lives. May be I am subjective but in my thoughts the correct way to increase the number of potential donors is to explain theShow MoreRelated The Importance Of Organ Donation733 Words   |  3 PagesOrgan donation or transplant can save or improve other people lives. Organ donation will depends on donor agreement or their families. Therefore I am conducting the following qualitative research. Three groups were identified. I will use focus group due to its vital role of identifying peoples behaviors and attitudes and will provide a better understanding about the people experiences. In the school and university students groups it will be possible to meet and gather in a group meetings. I willRead MoreThe Importance Of Organ Donation929 Words   |  4 Pageswaiting for an organ donation and every ten minutes another person is added to the waiting list. Organ donation takes healthy organs and tissues from one person for transplantation to another person. Everyone should be an organ donor if you are able to because one donor can save eight lives, and the gift of life is the best gift you can give (Organ Donation Statistics). Although 95% of United States citizens support organ donations, only 54% are actually donors (Organ Donation Statistics).Read MoreImportance Of Organ Donation Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages2017 The Importance of Organ Donation While researching about organ donation, many articles brought forth the fact of how important organ donation is. This topic, however, is a big controversy among many people, especially families. Several articles, magazines, and previous research articles all share what organ donation really is and why it is important. By being a donor, you can save many lives in the end. My goal for this paper is to bring forth the importance of organ donation. Reasons toRead MoreImportance of Organ Donation2691 Words   |  11 PagesUnderstanding Transplantation A Brief History In 1954, a kidney was the first human organ to be transplanted successfully. Liver, heart, and pancreas transplants were successfully performed by the late 1960s, while lung and intestinal organ transplant procedures began in the 1980s.Until the early 1980s, the potential for organ rejection limited the number of transplants performed. Medical advances in the prevention and treatment of rejection led to more successful transplants and an increaseRead MoreOrgan Donation and its Importance1800 Words   |  8 Pages126,681 patients suffering waiting for that one special person to donate their organs or organ to them so that there life can be changed and they can then live their lives to the fullest. That person whose life was changed forever, may have been waiting for that organ for months, or even year after year, for that one special phone call. You could be the next person to change someones life forever and ever. Organ donation is not only a self-fulfilling act of kindness, but if more people were to donateRead MoreThe Importance Of Organ Donation Facilities1832 Words   |  8 PagesThe Importance of Organ Donation Facilities Organ donors are in high demand, and rightfully so, a saved life depends on it. The sale and trade of human organs have made the Black Market become a profitable and legitimate business. Unfortunately, funeral homes have come under fire for questionable practices that are being done by organ brokers. This issue is not readily exposed to the view of the public. Therefore, this causes many to question the practice of organ brokers and whetherRead MoreThe Importance of Promoting Organ Donations Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesAround the globe thousands of people are placed on a waiting list to receive an organ transplant, for some people the waiting process can be very long, and for others it can be short. To many people having someone give a gift of an organ donation is known has a second chance, a fresh start, and a new beginning at living a normal life again. Every year people on the wait list increase in numbers due to lack of organ donation shortages therefore, finding a donor becomes difficult because in order toRead MoreOrgan Donations1668 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Aguila Prof. Leblanc SPC 21 October 2012 Organ Donation Topic: Organ Donation General Purpose: To educate the class on the importance of organ donations. Specific Purpose: To persuade the class to not let their organs go to waste. Thesis Statement: Donating your organs allows a life to be prolonged. It also allows scientific studies to prevent future occurrences or finding a cure for a disease. Organizational Pattern: Monroe’s Motivational Sequence Visual Aids: Power-PointRead MoreDefinitions For Blood Donation746 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the blood donation. Males appeared more willing to donate blood than females, but most respondents in each race-gender group were willing to donate except for black females. The donation for cadaveric organs, most white respondents had identified themselves as organ donors on their driver’s licenses or donor cards, whereas less than most black persons had identified themselves as donors. The factors explaining race and gender disparities in willingness to donate for blood donation adjustment. MostRead MoreEssay on Increasing the Number of Organ Donors781 Words   |  4 Pagestwo words organ donation, we immediately let it slip our mind- as we simply don’t think it’s important enough. As this comes into play for many topics, we never truly recognise what others are put through on a daily basis. With 1,700 individuals on the Australian waiting list, we believe this number is very minor and can be benefitted easily. Truth is, while the numbers rise, many will have an unfortunate death having to wait up to 4 years or more at a time waiting for suitable organ transplantation

Hegel s Concept Of Freedom - 2587 Words

What is Hegel’s concept of freedom? One wishes such a question could be easily answered. Hegel’s Elements of the Philosophy of Right has been read as Hegel tracing out his concept of freedom, at all of its different moments, in its many different forms, personal, interpersonal and communal.1 So we do not follow the path that Hegel traces and arrive at a concise definition of freedom; rather Hegel’s definition of freedom is contained in and expounded through the entire path.2 In this paper I will attempt to follow this path and make the various aspects of Hegel’s concept of freedom as clear as possible. Before I set out on this Hegelian path, I want to clearly differentiate between philosophical conceptions of freedom and political conceptions of freedom. Philosophical freedom is broadly concerned with the nature of the will. It is primarily concerned with the freedom of the individual, with free will. Political freedom, conversely, is concerned with the relationship between the subject and the external world, with rights, with what one is permitted to do. There is an obvious sense in which an ape living in the wild is freer than an ape confined to a small cage. If one were to argue that apes lack the necessary rationality, self-awareness, mind, soul, etc. that is necessary for freedom, or if one were to argue that the world is determinist and so both apes are equally unfree, one would be missing the point. The ape lacks what might broadly beShow MoreRelatedThe Main Element Of The Philosophy Of Right897 Words   |  4 Pagesas political philosophy, the text’s primary concept is freedom. Hegel’s dominant claim is that free will is the only way in which right is pertinent to philosophical science. He describes will as the ability to convey concepts into existence. The will exists solely when an action is brought forward and only in those who are self-conscious. The origin of right is crafted by the free will that expresses freedom, which Hegel states is the goal of right. Hegel affirms that the will is free. â€Å"When the willRead MoreHegel Legitimised the French Revolution but not the Revolutionaries Themselves1272 Words   |  6 PagesHegel Legitimised the French Revolution but not the Revolutionaries Themselves Hegel views on the role of the individual can be seen and used to justify the Revolution. Individual freedom can also be woven into these ideas and living in a community or society is how Hegel saw the individual fulfilling their life. Hegel agreed with the ideas of the classical Greeks in as much that he thought the individual should lead an ethical life. In this ideal each individual has obligationsRead MoreThe Theories Of Freedom Articulated By Rousseau, Burke, And Hegel1208 Words   |  5 Pages2. Rousseau boldly asserts that we are â€Å"born free† but are â€Å"everywhere in chains.† what political theorists have thought about the concept of freedom, its basic meanings, and its presence or absence in the world. Discuss the theories of freedom articulated by Rousseau, Burke, and Hegel. In your view, which theorist expressed the most adequate understanding of freedom? Why? (300* 3)words for each theorist + 100 words for my opinion = 900 + 100= 1000W Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s ideas were extremelyRead MoreKant s Philosophy Of The State And Analysis Of Historical Summit1312 Words   |  6 PagesCompromised largely in Kant s ideas, Hegel s systemic philosophy of the State and analysis of historical summit of the body politic provides the foundation of Marxism and alike. Hegel declares the concept of state as superior to the individual. In his book Philosophy of History, he establishes Reason as the rational manifestation of world history which subsists in both natural and spiritual realms; But the Spirit, and the course of its development, is the substance of history (20). Reason asRead More Hegel and the Russian Constitutional Tradition3343 Words   |  14 PagesHegel and the Russian Constitutional Tradition ABSTRACT: This paper advances the idea that Russian constitutionalism developed through a reinterpretation of Russian history in terms of Hegels concept of the World Spirit. Russians implicitly viewed their nation as the embodiment of Hegels World Spirit, which would have a unique messianic mission for humanity. However, the specifics of Russias historical development diverged from Hegels critical stage of ethical development, in which individualsRead MoreAntigone - Compositions On The Works Of Sophocles Antigone1026 Words   |  5 Pagesbefitting funeral and the other wanting to challenge the machine, led to Thebes Argos army and remained apart after the death burial on orders inherited the throne of Creon, brother-Oedipus, A. decides on defying mania lord, to honor the dead brother s funeral and divided intent with his sister Ismenio. That is not in a position to violate the ban, fearing the promised punishment. (In addition, there is this contrast between the two sisters to some extent prompted eksodom Aeschylus Seven vpererezRead MoreWhat Purpose And Composition Of An Ideal State Should Be And The Consequences Of The Individual1894 Words   |  8 PagesAmong the more controversial intellectual ventures of continental philosophers is answering the question of what the purpose and composition of an ideal state should be and the consequences of that state on its citizens. Philosophers Hegel and Rousseau found common ground in the need for a form of authority separate from the collective people, but they prescribed different types of government based on their conflicting views on a state’s exact role in relation to the citizens. At the heart of bothRead MoreEssay about Hegel and The Libertarians2958 Words   |  12 PagesHegel and The Libertarians ABSTRACT: This paper aims to show how the Hegelian philosophy can contribute to the conceptual discussions between the two strains of contemporary ethical-political philosophy. I argue that the Hegelian political theory is of central import to the discussion between communitarians and libertarians, both in the communitarian criticism of the libertarian — mainly in Michael Sandels criticism of Rawls — and in the Rawlsian project of a society founded in justice as equalityRead MoreHobsbawm s The Age Of Extremes1079 Words   |  5 PagesNeither the periodization nor the titles are important, however Hobsbawm has limited himself to the `short Twentieth Century marked by the start of the First World War and concluding with the collapse of the Soviet Union at the start of the 1990 s. In practice, Hobsbawm analysis is shown to move on beyond 1991 and makes it apparent of his awareness of the political forces that need to be understood if 1914 were to be explained. As the eco nomic growth between these two points might just be termedRead MoreThe Hybrid Application Of Hegelian And Kantian Philosophical Policy2957 Words   |  12 Pagesfrom 2011 through 2014; and 10 percent by 2015 and thereafter. Of the electricity generated each year from renewable sources, at least 4 percent must come from solar technologies. Initially, nine Colorado utilities serving over 80 percent of the state s electric customers will be required to comply with this proposal (40 CRS  §2124). In 2007, the Colorado General Assembly increased the RES by passing bill HB07- 1281, raising the state’s goal to twenty percent by 2020. It also increased the retail impact

Glee Essay Free Essays

Topic 2. ‘There is nothing ironic about show choir! ’ – Rachel Cohen Is Rachel’s assessment of the musical performances on Glee correct? Discuss the interplay of melodrama, irony and intertextuality in Glee. Your essay should contain detailed analysis of at least two scenes from Glee’s 1st season. We will write a custom essay sample on Glee Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Your essay should also make reference to your core course readings on television and postmodernism. Due 14 September heir true voice; and this one was, to me, ultimately about the series demonstrating its own voice and its space within the world of contemporary musicals. I don’t know what exactly I expected when I heard Joss Whedon would be directing, although it did send me diving for my Buffy The Vampire Slayer sing-along DVD. What I didn’t expect was an episode that didn’t feel like Whedon at all but felt intensely like Glee, more specifically the Glee that endeared itself to me in the first half of the season. What has always appealed to me about Glee, and apparently to Joss Whedon based on this episode and his interview on Fox’s website , was the show’s delicate balance of tongue-in-cheek bitter cynicism, which keeps Glee blessedly away from High School Musical territory, and a sometimes heartbreakingly authentic sentimentality that draws me into a deeply emotional engagement with the characters and a desire to see them triumph. As others on this blog have mentioned, the stunt shows, focusing around a musical theme or dance conceit, are fun but can bring the show away from its narrative engagement and this mix of sincerity and cynicism that musical numbers have often been harnessed in service of. â€Å"Dream On† brought back this dynamic and foregrounded it in contrast to some of the more music-themed recent episodes. Neil Patrick Harris is the king of bitter(sweet) cynicism, and his performance as Bryan Ryan maintained the comedy in what otherwise was in danger of becoming a maudlin episode. Rachel and Artie’s storylines gave both characters an opportunity for growth. Artie’s triumphantly joyful flash mob scene (fangirl moment – thank you Glee, for a flash mob! ) in particular made his final moments of aching vulnerability that much more poignant. There has been reflection on this blog about the way that Glee sometimes uses, one might even say exploits, disabled characters for emotional endings and to humanize its more difficult characters (Sue and Rachel), and Artie’s storyline comes dangerously close to becoming part of this trend. There are certainly issues with how Artie’s storyline is presented in this episode, and I leave those issues for other commentators more knowledgeable in these areas. Problematic though this is, it is consistent with the series’ ethos from the beginning. The show has always undermined its own after-school special themes, or at least made them less saccharine, by unabashedly drawing on stereotypes and refusing after-school special endings: Artie cannot dance, Tina doesn’t do the â€Å"right† thing. All is not well in McKinley High. If it were, it wouldn’t be Glee. That this episode spoke most clearly with what I feel is Glee’s unique voice is made even more important through its intertextuality, which evoked a self-awareness on the part of the series about its place amongst contemporary musicals. Here again we return to Joss Whedon and Neil Patrick Harris. Both figures have had important roles in bringing contemporary uses of the musical to television and the web. They worked together on the web series Dr. Horrible’s Sing-Along Blog. Neil Patrick Harris has performed in musical episodes of How I Met Your Mother and Batman: The Brave and the Bold, and Whedon’s musical episode of Buffy often makes lists of the best musical television episodes of all time. In this same episode that the guest director and guest star positioned Glee within the contemporary use of the musical on television, we discover that Shelby Corcoran is Rachel’s mother. Shelby is played by Idina Menzel, who originated Maureen in Rent and Elphaba in Wicked on Broadway, with Glee guest star Kristin Chenoweth. Menzel and Chenoweth further link Glee to the tradition of the contemporary musical that may be a much more appropriate reference here than for the more obvious, but deceptive, High School Musical. Contemporary musicals have become increasingly mature, cynical, parodic and subversive, trends that Glee falls squarely within. In an episode so drenched in references to the contemporary musical context, it was all the more important that Glee followed the examples of its characters in the last episode and emphasized its own unique voice. Whedon showed himself to be a true Gleek by emphasizing the voice of the show over his own. egardless of whether you are a Gleek (if you don’t know this term, read on), you may have noticed the buzz surrounding FOX’s musical comedy, which returned Tuesday to the second-best ratings of the night after a â€Å"Gleek Week† of promotional appearances and news coverage. Created by Ian Brennan, Brad Falchuk, and Ryan Murphy, Glee focuses on a diverse group of teenagers participating in a high school show choir, treating the participants in â€Å"New Directions† with alternating doses of warmth and snark. It also is one of the first series in the last few decades to successfully incorporate musical numbers; its music has become a lucrative cross-promotional element of the Glee phenomenon. The series has garnered ardent fans, or Gleeks, around the world — evident in the many websites dedicated to it, such as Gleeks United, Glee Club Online, Forum Francais de Glee, Glee Brazil, and my favorite, What Would Emma Pillsbury Wear? , inspired by the fashions worn by the eponymous guidance counselor with a penchant for all things sterile and for sexy-librarian sweaters. Just as notable, it appears to have been embraced as particularly American. The cast was invited by First Lady Michelle Obama to sing at the White House’s annual Easter egg roll last weekend, and they followed that up with a Glee-themed episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show (she praised them as the â€Å"hardest working cast on television†). News coverage on the return of Glee and spoilers have followed in most major news outlets—including two dueling reviews in The New York Times—and in scholarly forums (a shout out to In Media Res, which recently hosted a Glee-themed week). What is it about Glee that has inspired this phenomenon? Based on my own experience, as a Gleek and as a scholar focusing on the series in my research, I find the show’s play with diversity equally satisfying and frustrating, and always compelling (arguably, it is â€Å"post-racial† and reinforcing of traditional racial stereotypes). And it seems that for many fans, the show’s focus on underdogs overcoming challenge, sly satire, and feel-good musical numbers are clear pulls. With respect to these and other appeals, Glee is a prime illustration of what Valerie Wee has described as hyper-postmodern media culture. A mash-up of generic influences, intertextual references, music, and ideological content that is both eerily nostalgic and forward-thinking, the series can be read and enjoyed by fans in multiple and diverging ways. This week’s episode, â€Å"Hell-o,† provided a full helping of these and other pleasures. We witnessed cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch)’s return to the high school and renewed mission of obliterating the glee club and the long-awaited blossoming of two romantic relationships, Mr. Shuester and Emma and Rachel and Finn, although difficulties naturally arise for both couples. In these and other entanglements as New Directions looks toward regionals, the timing and humor are spot on, not the least of which was the limiting of the musical numbers to songs with the word â€Å"hell† in the title. The hilarious mix that ensues includes â€Å"Hello, I Love You,† â€Å"Highway to Hell,† and â€Å"Hello, Goodbye. † And the narrative may not be important as the sum of Glee’s parts; they include the hyper-postmodern mash-up described above, exciting and talented performers, upbeat music that can be enjoyed in other arenas, sweetly geeky fandom, and the overall ethos of embracing the loveable loser in all of us. Are you a Gleek, and if so, what do you think encourages its appeal? What do you make of the series as a contemporary television, music, or theatrical text? In response to this complicated series we plan to follow Glee, its paratexts, and its fandom on a weekly basis as it continues to air this season. We hope you’ll take part in the discussion Reprinted with permission from our good friends at InsideCatholic. com, the leading online journal of Catholic faith, culture, and politics. The musical comedy-drama Glee debuted on Fox just over a year ago. The story of a high school Spanish teacher’s attempts to resurrect the Lima, Ohio, high school glee club surprised critics by ending its first season ranked at 33 in the Nielsen ratings. Now in its second season, the show’s ratings have only gone up, as it climbed to the #15 spot last week. On May 23, the plans for a third season of Glee were announced. While there’s no reason its popularity won’t continue to climb, the challenge of producing a primetime musical series to appeal to a generation not brought up on the traditional musicals like Camelot, West Side Story, and The Sound of Music is obvious: How do you combine a contemporary story and characters with music and dance in a way that does not send viewers, especially younger ones, groaning in the direction of their PS3s and iPhones? The producers of Glee found their solution in the example of Chicago, the Broadway show where the musical numbers were always performed in the context of a cabaret. The characters of Glee don’t burst into song in the manner of, say, Rodgers and Hammerstein; rather, the strongly choreographed musical numbers – five to eight each episode – are usually staged as the glee club’s performances or rehearsals. Thus, Glee retains enough of a realistic feel to appeal to a younger audience. The music, a combination of pop and Broadway standards newly rranged by Adam Anders, appeals to all ages and has been a phenomenal success on CD and downloads, with over $2 million in digital sales. The cast of Glee had 25 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2009, more than any artist since the Beatles in 1964. Their performance of â€Å"Don’t Stop Believin'† went gold last November, with over half a million dollars in sales. Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of Gle e’s achievement its ability to keep three generations of viewers – children, parents, and grandparents – in front of the TV together. The choreography of Zachary Woodlee, sexy without being sleazy, evokes Broadway’s Jerome Robbins rather than Bob Fosse, much less the crotch-grabbing antics of tuneless rappers. Viewers with memories of Gene Kelly and Fred Astaire, or even the June Taylor Dancers on The Jackie Gleason Show, find themselves smiling once again. The producers and cast members also maintain tasteful control over material chosen – from older classics like â€Å"Over the Rainbow,† â€Å"One Less Bell to Answer,† â€Å"Smile,† and â€Å"I Could Have Danced All Night,† with newer ones such as â€Å"Proud Mary,† â€Å"Piano Man,† â€Å"Jump,† â€Å"Bootylicious,† and Josh Groban’s â€Å"You Raise Me Up. When a Rolling Stone critic snidely chides Glee’s leading actor, Matthew Morrison, saying he â€Å"couldn’t rap his way out of 98 ° rehearsal,† he seems oblivious to the fact that more than an occasional nod to rap would immediately begin thinning its audience (starting with me). The choice to offset the Disney-like innocence of Will Schuester, played by Morrison, with the cynical cheerleading coach, Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch), works perfectly. The conflict between Schuester and Sylvester becomes nothing less than the perennial clash of ars gratia artis (arts for arts sake) with the cultural philistines. The writing for Sylvester’s character is so good it has spawned its own wiki thread. Take, for example, her attitude toward intimacy in marriage: â€Å"I, for one, think intimacy has no place in a marriage. Walked in on my parents once, and it was like seeing two walruses wrestling. † But beyond the Schuester and Sylvester rivalry, Glee fails to achieve the generational integration of taste in its characters and storyline that it has attained with its music and dancing. Will’s wife, Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig), seems like a refugee from John Sayles’ Serial Mom, where the entirety of middle-class family life is cynically, and hilariously, parodied. The viewer is left constantly questioning how Will, whose fundamental decency and kindness are repeatedly evoked, could have married such a demented twit as Terri. Such jarring contrasts of character abound in Glee. Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), the lead singer of the glee club and quarterback of the football team, doesn’t seem to know a hot tub cannot serve as a medium for impregnating his cheerleader girlfriend, Quinn Fabray; meanwhile, his best friend, Puck Puckerman (Mark Salling), who did get Quinn pregnant, is rampaging though the neighborhood sleeping with the â€Å"cougar† mothers of his classmates. There are also politically correct touches. Kurt Hummel (Chris Kolfer), the member of the glee club who likes to dress in black lace, not only â€Å"comes out† in the course of the first season but also leads the winless football team to their first victory by teaching them all how to dance. Yet Kurt’s character is not made into a complete caricature: While his achievement on the gridiron is simply silly, the scene where he admits to his blue-collar father his same-sex attraction is quite affecting – and, I might add, realistic. Not to be outdone, Rachel Berry (Lea Michele), who has the best voice in the cast, is also the most neurotic, having been raised by two homosexual fathers. Rachel eventually discovers that her birth mother is the coach of the rival glee club. Such is the search for postmodern innocence in Glee – there is too much water under the cultural bridge to directly revive the musical idiom and heritage of the 1940s and 1950s that became second nature to so many baby-boomers. Before Glee, of course, there was Stephen Sondheim, who throughout his career as a composer and lyricist struggled with the same question of how to extend the musical to an audience that no longer believed in the univocal meaning of â€Å"I love you. † We can be grateful to the creators of Glee for making an effort to bring us a popular entertainment with such a high level of singing and dancing. The temptation will be to lose sight of the initial choices that have led to its success and, particularly, the generational breadth of its audience. Just as American Idol has found out the hard way from its plunging ratings, once you start trying to please only the teenagers, the whole enterprise will quickly collapse Mid-April, with its tax deadline, is a time that many people dread; this year, however, millions looked forward to it with great eagerness, because April 13th brought the first episode of â€Å"Glee† after a four-month hiatus. The Fox show, set in the fictional William McKinley High School, in Lima, Ohio, is part satirical comedy, part musical, and—since its setting is high school—a bit of a drama. It’s not exactly a high-school musical, and it’s not exactly â€Å"High School Musical,† the Disney song-and-dance franchise, although, like that TV movie and its brand extensions, it has a long tail of tie-in merchandise and live performances. It also has over-the-moon fans—â€Å"gleeks,† they happily call themselves—which is a notable thing for a mainstream, non-niche network show that began only last fall. The first post-hiatus episode had more than thirteen million viewers; the second, which featured the songs of Madonna, was close behind. Of course, it doesn’t hurt that the show follows â€Å"American Idol† on Tuesday nights—though the pairing did pain many people a couple of weeks ago, when a live edition of â€Å"Idol† ran long, causing DVRs across the land to cut off the last minutes of â€Å"Glee. † And â€Å"Glee,† although a work of fiction, is â€Å"Idol† ’s spawn, part of the current craze for watching star-making (and dream-crushing) machinery at work. Glee† was created and is written by Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk, and Ian Brennan. Of the three, Murphy is the best known, having created the just ended FX psychomelodrama â€Å"Nip/Tuck† (for which Falchuk was a writer and a producer) and the 1999 WB comedy â€Å"Popular,† which was also a sendup of teen-age archetypes—as in â€Å"Glee,† th ere was a star football player who was torn between sports and the stage—but involved much more extracurricular activity among parents and families. Except for the teachers and the administrators at McKinley High, few adults appear in â€Å"Glee,† which gives the series a cartoonish feel that’s reinforced by the fact that the grownups we do see, well meaning though they may be, are as cluelessly wrapped up in themselves as the young people are. (Oddly, or not, of the group of about ten students we hang out with two have lost a parent. It seems like a lot. ) The success of â€Å"Glee† depends on the energy and the obvious talent of its young (but way beyond high-school age) performers, and on Jane Lynch, who plays Sue Sylvester, the acid-tongued, sneaky, and completely loony cheerleading coach, whose every line of dialogue is quotable (and is duly quoted, minutes after being delivered, on Facebook pages and in Twitter feeds). Sue’s counterbalance, and nemesis, is Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison, who has a solid Broadway background and Leyendecker good looks, including thick, wavy hair that Sue mocks, in elegant variations, pretty much every time she sees Will), a youngish Spanish teacher and a graduate of McKinley High in the days when it had a top-notch show choir. Will makes it his project to bring back that glory, and he starts by tricking the captain of the football team (Cory Monteith), whom he hears singing in the shower after practice one day, into joining his ragtag crew. If Will gets funding for his group, the economy being tough—Sue’s cheerleading crew will lose theirs. Will also wants some of Sue’s girls—the Cheerios—for his group. She tells him that he doesn’t get it—that he can’t blur the lines in the rigid caste system that is high school: â€Å"Your jocks and your popular kids—up in the penthouse. Your invisibles and the kids playing live-action druids and trolls out in the forest—bottom floor. † What about the Glee kids? Will asks. What category are they in? â€Å"Sub-basement,† she says. from the issue * cartoon bank * e-mail this The real engine of the show isn’t the machinations of its characters or its unfolding plot but its basic structure. Because â€Å"Glee† is actually about a group of singers, it doesn’t seem artificial when the cast breaks into song; the music fits into the proceedings organically. The songs—which Murphy ch ooses—range from oldies to newies, so that there is, theoretically, something for everybody, from â€Å"Sing Sing Sing† and â€Å"Sweet Caroline† to â€Å"Gives You Hell† and â€Å"Single Ladies. Still, it must be said, even people who love these songs may find something to hate in the style of singing sometimes showcased in â€Å"Glee†Ã¢â‚¬â€the earsplitting, maniacally melismatic car-alarm whine that Whitney Houston popularized—but, thankfully, there are quiet ballads to balance things out. Rachel, one of the choir members, has a bit of that pleading quality in her voice, but it suits her desperate ambition. She’s played by Lea Michele, who, at twenty-three, is a fifteen-year Broadway veteran. Yet her large talent doesn’t extend to the non-singing parts of her performance. I give it up for her gifts, but I don’t feel soul there. Rachel takes herself very seriously, and things very literally; one of the other kids, Artie (Kevin McHale), is wheelchair-bound, and Rachel complains to Will that Artie shouldn’t be singing â€Å"Sit Down You’re Rockin’ the Boat† because he’s already sitting down. Artie’s take is that Will’s choice was meant to be ironic, and Rachel responds, â€Å"There’s nothing ironic about show choir! Of course there is, but there’s more, too—there’s also real glee, when things come together and when the characters get as much fleshing out as the stereotyping and the time constraints allow. With several production numbers per episode, almost all of which have remarkably weak choreography and poorly synched lip-synching, the writers haven’t been able to go very de ep into anyone’s lif Read more http://www. newyorker. com/arts/critics/television/2010/05/10/100510crte_television_franklin#ixzz25UpjRdrc And then there’s Glee. Because there are no original songs, they’ve got to reference other works multiple times in every episode. When the show is at its best it takes cultural referents such as the video for Beyonce’s â€Å"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)† and turns it into something else by putting it in the context of trying to win a football game. It’s an utterly ridiculous and goofy scene that belies the reality of the way football works, but it’s also enormously satisfying and pretty funny to boot. The show’s musical numbers are to me more successful when they transport their sources to locales away from the stage or the classroom. And even when a musical number starts within the walls of William McKinley High School, if there are sequences that take us to other places and/or elsewhere in time, such as when Kurt recently sang â€Å"I Want to Hold Your Hand† for his classmates, that can also work incredibly well. But when their numbers are stagebound things often become stagnant, sucking the life out of the song and leaving a strong distaste in the mouths of many viewers, or at least those who know the original. Kurt poses for photos when he’s not transporting us through time via the power of song. The apotheoses of these occurrences take place in the episode titled â€Å"The Substitute,† which features renditions of classic numbers from Singin’ in the Rain (Donen/Kelly 1952), which were themselves new takes on old songs. I’m not saying some texts are untouchable, but if you’re going to cover something so culturally iconic, you might want to do something totally new with it. So Gus Van Sant’s shot for shot remake of Psycho (1998)? Probably not a good idea. Conversely, Martin Scorsese’s reimagining of Ford’s The Searchers (1956) as an urban western in Taxi Driver (1976)? That works. If you don’t approach homage in this way it becomes nothing more than imitation, which might be the highest form of flattery but doesn’t make for good TV or cinema. So Glee’s rendition of Singin’ in the Rain’s title song incorporates a mash-up with Rihanna’s â€Å"Umbrella† and takes place on a stage full of water featuring the cast re-enacting moves from Gene Kelly’s classic sequence while also incorporating new moves into their set-piece number. There’s revision, and there’s imitation, and then there’s shitting on sanctity. I’m no purist and I’m not saying they shouldn’t have done it, but I would argue that despite the attempt at innovation, it doesn’t go far enough in its departure from either original. And the one thing that it’s missing that makes the movie’s original so great is passion you can feel. Kelly’s rendition takes place within the context of his falling in love with Kathy (Debbie Reynolds) and it results in Dionysian abandon, bringing to Technicolor life the giddy exhilaration that comes with new love, whereas Glee’s version is akin to watching craftsmen make shoes: there’s artistry in their production and the finished product is expertly made, but it lacks the soul that still makes Kelly’s sequence so resonant. Worse still is their take on â€Å"Make ‘Em Laugh,† which features Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) and Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr. ) in a duet that is at times a near step for step imitation of Donald O’Connor’s version. Again, failing to revise the setting and context in an interesting way leaves their rendition flat. It lacks the visceral joy of O’Connor’s sequence, the best part of which is that it makes the audience do what the title suggests, which is laugh. Will and Chang are great dancers, but as there’s no real reason for the scene other than to show that they can do a rote imitation of the steps, their version is totally devoid of life and spontaneity, making it seem as though it’s performed by technically proficient but non-sentient automatons. There’s no reason you can’t do a scene that’s almost identical to the original, so long as you update it in such a way so as to give the audience a new way to interpret it. Take Spike Lee’s incorporation of the Love/Hate tattoo sequence from Night of the Hunter (Laughton 1955) into Do the Right Thing (1989). Robert Mitchum’s iconic scene is as seemingly inviolable as anything from Singin’ in the Rain, but by transposing it from a depression era white psychopathic murdering preacher in the deep south to Radio Raheem (Bill Nunn), a socially aware young African-American male living in what was at the time contemporary Bedford-Stuyvesant, Lee both pays homage and avoids pastiche, creating something new in the process, a model of artistic quotation that I’m afraid might be falling out of favor in our current media landscape, as evidenced on Glee and elsewhere * Why a blog and not a website? TUESDAY, 30 AUGUST 2011 Project: Art History. † Evolution of musical film genre†. â€Å"Williams and Hall both have argued that culture is not so much a set of things (television shows or paintings, for example) as a set of processes or practices through which individuals and groups come to make sense of things, including their own identities within and even against or out side the group† Stunken ; Cartwright (2009) The intention of the essay is to link evolution in cinema genres with the changes in the structure of popular culture. The quotation expresses the approach to culture as a process in which individuals interact, and this is the way the essay would like culture to be seen. Cinema is the perfect method to analyse popular culture from this point of view. Since its invention, it has given human beings a new and different opportunity of enjoying simulated worlds. Musical genre is particularly interesting because it has been present since the beginnings of cinema as one of the main Hollywood genres, and it has needed to introduce new strategies to survive. There are periods when it nearly disappeared before coming back in a new form (Hayward 2000). This essay is structured in such a way that it describes the periods of the genre and how its codes and conventions have been applied in each, and then analyses the main ideas from a social and theoretical point of view. But first, it may prove useful to discuss genre theory. Genre can be considered a strategy created by the cinema industry to identify a category of film. But it also can be described as a cognitive mechanism to help the viewer and filmmaker to know the expectations and hypothesis of the viewers when sitting in front of a screen to watch a film. Any genre is formed by a set of codes and conventions that the spectator has learned and can decode automatically and unconsciously. He or she feels pleasure in identification. This last point of view agrees with the one of the essay, as its aim is to connect the research on genre with what spectators experience when watching a film (Nelmes 2007) (Hayward 2000). It is also interesting to analyse what makes the spectator enjoy watching a film. Hayward (2000) identifies three stages in spectatorship theory. The first stage in the 70’s treats the spectator as a passive subject. It is inspired on Freud’s idea of the Oedipal complex and on Lacan’s idea of the â€Å"mirror stage† that says that our identity is not coming from within, but from the way we see ourselves for the first time from the outside. In our adulthood we are in a constant state of desire that cannot be fulfilled because our unconscious mind cannot be influenced by the world around us. Freud’s ideas associate the mirror stage with the relationship between the child and his mother. The male character sees his mother as an object and identifies with the father to try to meet the child’s feeling of â€Å"castration† of not having access to the mother (Ward 2003). The spectator identifies the cinema screen with this â€Å"mirror†. The second stage, from the middle of the 70’s, is influenced by Laura Mulvey. She introduces the idea of sexual difference in identification with personalities and criticises the masculine point of view in cinema narrative that fetishizes women. The option for the female spectator is to identify with the passive female or with a masculine third character. In the third stage, from the 80’s, we find investigations derived from the debate started by Mulvey. Some ideas talk about the bisexual position of the female child after her mirror stage. She first has the mother as her object of desire and then she has to change to the father as her object of desire. And the male spectator can also position himself bisexually, when identifying with the active and passive modes of the male character. The spectator is treated as an active subject, he or she does not occupy just one position in relation to the characters. Dyer considers that there are three periods in a genre: primitive, mature and decadent (Hayward 2000). On the experimental primitive period, before the 30’s, musical is generated as a hybrid from European operetta and American vaudeville and music hall (Hayward 2000). On the mature period, from the 30’s to the 60’s, first we find a director such as Busby Berkeley. His films do not pay attention to the plot, but rather, are vehicles for song and dance that are introduced in an artificial way. It is pure spectacle and sensuality. Sex is offered through the gaze (Hayward 2000). Later, songs and dances move with the narrative and are introduced on a more natural way. Fred Astaire develops an elegant, stylised style and Gene Kelly develops a more energetic one. The music was often composed by talented authors brought from Broadway. In the 50’s, it is the first time the studio system pay special attention to the youth audience, linked to the rise in the music record industry. Singers as Elvis Presley and Cliff Richard became actors (Hayward 2000). For Altman musicals of the mature period are an â€Å"ode to marriage†. The narrative is based on the principle of pairing and mirroring. Male and female are paired, maturity is paired to immaturity. The main characters are mirrored in other couples; settings are mirrored in other settings (Hayward 2000). This conclusion was made following a synchronic analysis, i. . , just focusing in a moment in the film, specifically in the final scene. Recently, this same author has reflected about that approach and has analysed musical films diachronically. He proposes two hypotheses. Following the first one, in musicals main characters are first paired with a â€Å"wrong† partner to be finally paired to the â€Å"right† one. Films such as â€Å"An Ame rican in Paris† (Minnelli, 1951) follow this structure. The second hypothesis is more speculative. It is based in the idea that the relationships of the characters turn from homosocial to heterosexual. This structure is found in many films, from â€Å"An American in Paris† (Minnelli, 1951), to â€Å"Grease† (Kleiser, 1978). In â€Å"Grease†, the main actress and actor belong to a group where all members are women or all men, respectively, and eventually left these groups to become a couple. This can be seen as an evolution from childhood to adulthood. The author also speculates on whether this structure tries to avoid the character moving from a homosocial relationship to a homosexual relationship (Altman 2010). Cohan (2010) considers that the dual register between narrative and performance is one of the distinctive conventions of the genre. It breaks the dominant codes of realism in cinema, whose aim is to guide the audience through the story, so the codes and conventions become â€Å"transparent† to avoid distracting them (Nelmes 2007). The concept of diegesis refers to the fictional world described inside the story. In musicals, filmmakers can add extra-diegetic shots that have no logical reason for being there. And they can add a diegetic to call public attention to the star, to show that they are amazed when they see and hear the main characters dancing or singing, and to create the illusion that the real non-diegetic audience is part of that public (Hayward 2000). Dyer (2002) distinguishes three tendencies of musicals: one that keeps narrative and number separate, another that identifies narrative with problems and numbers with scape, but trying to integrate the number through signals, and a last one that dissolves this distinction between narrative and number, which makes this narrative also utopian. Richard Dyer writes that the strategy of the genre is to â€Å"provide the spectator with an utopia through the form of entertainment†. Any film reflects these categories: abundance, energy, intensity, transparency and community in opposition to the real society, where we can find: scarcity, exhaustion, dreariness, manipulation and fragmentation. Abundance is shown through the luxurious costumes and huge settings. Energy is shown through the dance and also the camera work. Intensity refers to experiencing emotions directly. Transparency refers to spontaneity. Community refers to the sense of belonging. This utopia is associated with the specific mainstream ideology of this period: capitalism, economic and social stability (Hayward 2000), (Stacey 1994). Of the decadent period, from the 60’s, codes and conventions are questioned. Musicals are more realistic; subjects such as racism and delinquency are treated. Examples are â€Å"West Side Story† (Wise, 1961), â€Å"Saturday Night Fever† (Badham, 1977) and â€Å"Grease† (Kleiser, 1978). We also find Julie Andrew’s films such as â€Å"The Sound of Music† (Wise, 1965). This is identified as a family film that follows traditional conventions. But its structure differs from the classical one. There is no more a duality, instead, there is a female main character and the male character has a secondary role. She represents liberated femininity. In Barbra Streisand’s films – â€Å"The Way We Were† (Pollack, 1973) – the girl needs a partner but does not always achieve it. When she fails to do it, the film shows her drive for freedom and female independence (Farmer 2010), (Robertsib Wojcik 2010). This reflects how conventions in cinema have changed with changes in society; in the 70’s women rebelled against the traditional patriarchal society. It has been almost 50 years since the period of decline of the musical genre begun. It looked as if it was going to disappear. But lately, we are seeing a revival of the genre. Sometimes it is successful, such as â€Å"Moulin Rouge! † (Luhrman, 2001), â€Å"Chicago† (Marshall, 2002) and â€Å"Mamma Mia† (Lloyd, 2008), sometimes it is not, such as â€Å"Nine† (Marshall, 2009). At this point, we can ask ourselves about the reasons for bringing back musicals. Cohan (2010) mentions David Rooney and Jonathan Bing describing them. They mention how development of new technology can help with the task of shooting and editing, and reducing costs. Also, the after-market of the fans of musical can be economically attractive, as they are repeating viewers, so DVDs and soundtracks would sell well – as well as merchandising would do. Another interesting fact is that the youth audience has grown up watching music videos and Disney’s animated films. Finally, another reason can be that the golden period of musicals happened during the 30’s Big Depression. Maybe it is not a coincidence that in the actual moment of economic recession, the public is going back to watch films that supply escapism (Burgess-Alllen 2010). Feuer (2010) argues that in the decline period, there are reconstructive musicals and deconstructive musicals. Reconstructive musicals can be â€Å"Moulin Rouge† (Luhrman, 2001), â€Å"Chicago† (Marshall, 2002), â€Å"Nine† (Marshall, 2009). Cabaret† (Fosse) in 1972 already has influences of art cinema (Hayward 2000). They are targeted at art-house audiences, while keep the classical conventions, and show an interest in aesthetic and nostalgia for the past. Following the these, â€Å"Moulin Rouge† (Luhrman, 2001) mixes cinematic references, historical intert exts and cultural allusions, this makes it difficult to define which genre it belongs to as it can be considered a musical, a melodrama, and author film, or even a music video (Nelmes 2007). Deconstructive Musicals are oriented towards the teenage public and create new conventions, they do not represent lead performers but amateurs that love singing and dancing, they â€Å"take up the position of spectators of Old Hollywood musicals in a world where it is no longer possible to be Fred Astaire† (Daldry, 2000). Following these, there are productions for TV, such as â€Å"High School Musical† (Ortega, 2006) and, more recently, â€Å"Glee† (Murphy, 2009). Conventions in â€Å"High School Musical† (Ortega, 2006) follow the traditional ones. It follows the principle of duality with two main characters. What it adds new to the genre is a contrast between authenticity, represented by the main couple, and manipulated artistry, represented by another couple. It also adds a reflection of a rigidly hierarchical world, where the characters move between conformism and rebellion. The characters are stereotypes: jocks, cheerleaders, and brainiacs. â€Å"Glee† (Murphy, 2009) takes the idea of â€Å"High School Musical† and exaggerates it. We again find the same stereotypes but they are taken to the extreme of satire. All the characters know that to be someone at the school they have to belong to a group: cheerleaders, football team†¦ Wearing a distinctive uniform is important for them. â€Å"Glee† also adds being playful with reality. It highlights being a simulation of reality and reminds us often about it, advising us not to take it too seriously. The narrative is an utopia in the same way as the performances. And this utopia again follows a specific ideology. Subjects that affect teenagers are treated: pregnancy, alcohol, sexuality, family relationships, †¦ (Cohan 2010), (Payne 2010). Another thing these films have changed from classic films is that musical soundtracks are not created specifically for the film, now it appropriates pop music or music from other films. The concept of film genre is directly related to the concept of intertextuality. The film is always going to be framed by the genre as each film belonging to it uses conventions previously used by other members of it (Nelmes 2007). But this can be a contradiction, because intertextuality is also associated with taking the text beyond the boundaries of the genre. This semiotic term was first used by Julia Kristeva, who understands that the text connects in two ways, first the author to the reader and then the text to other texts (Chandler 2009). The growing preponderance of visuals in ads has enhanced the ambiguity of meaning embedded in message structures. Earlier advertising usually states its message quite explicitly through the medium of written text†¦ , but starting in the mid-1920s visual representation became more common, and the relationship between text and visual image became complementary – that is, the text explained the visual. In the post-war period, and espe cially since the early 1960s, the function of text moved away from explaining the visual and towards a more cryptic form, in which text appeared as a kind of ‘key’ to the visual. In all, the effect was to make the commercial message more ambiguous; a ‘reading’ of it depended on relating elements in the ad’s internal structure to each other, as well as drawing in references from the external world. † Leiss (1997) This paragraph talks specifically about the use of intertextuality in advertising, which is not the subject of the essay, but it is included here because it expresses that the way creatives communicate messages has evolved from being explicit to being ambiguous. Leiss talks about how the â€Å"receiver’s brain is an indispensable component of the total communication system†. Explaining it clearly, the spectator is no longer considered stupid. Viewers have a wider visual knowledge that make them able to understand messages transmitted on ambiguous ways. We have grown with the rapid association of images in film, TV, and advertisement (Kolker 2002). The visual knowledge of the spectator has helped to make it more sophisticated. The basis of the plot remains simple but the filmmaker can and must introduce mechanisms to appeal a target audience that has become highly media literate. As a result of the the research can be taken the most interesting ideas about the way contemporaneous filmmakers apply the codes and conventions of the genre. They follow some of the conventions of films from the classical era: keeping a simple plot, selling an ideology. And they add to the genre: using soundtracks from pop music or other films instead of creating it specifically for the film, the creation of fictional worlds that make reference to another fictional world, playing with reality and stereotypes, playing with the dual register between narrative and performance. It can be found in several essays and articles that talk about contemporaneous musical films being postmodern, as the following one written by Edwards (Cohan 2010): â€Å"The charm and artistic merit of the original High School Musical movie lies in its ability to consider a sophisticated theatrical and musical heritage and consequently revise it for a modern audience †¦ it simultaneously conforms to genre expectations and pays homage to its textual influences while taking a postmodern delight in exposing its own limitations and playing with some gentle pastiche of literary and cinematic predecessors†. Flanagan (2002) wrote about the features of a film that can be identified as postmodern. The first ones are playfulness and self reference. It reminds us that it is a construction, that is not real, and that we must not take it seriously. The musical film’s creators play with the way they integrate the performances in the narrative, with the stereotypes. It follows the tendency of dissolving the distinction between narrative and number, meaning that this narrative is also utopian. The second ones are generic blurring and intertextuality. The use of references to other texts is very usual in musicals. The third ones are popular and commercial media mixed with high culture. Current musical films do not have a soundtrack created for them, but they appropriate music. The fourth ones are fragmentation and death of representation. This refers to the way audience make sense of things through representations of reality instead of doing it through the reality itself. And finally uncertainty and the loss of context as consequence of the previous ones. According to this, films such as â€Å"Glee† (Murphy, 2009) can be considered postmodern. But probably to label a film as postmodern is not going to influence the audience as to whether to be interested on it or not, what probably can be considered more important is the â€Å"sophisticated hyperconsciousness† in contemporaneous popular entertainment, i. e. , the high degree of media literacy in the audience that allows playing with the conventions (Collins 1993), (Nelmes 2007). Why is Glee Postmodern In this blog and our discussion of postmodern television, the TV showGlee  has come up as an example.. One of the theories we’ve learned about postmodernism is that it rejects the idea of metanarratives (stories about stories). In postmodernism there is not black and white, good vs. evil, etc. In the show  Glee  there is the character Puck, a football player who seems to be your typical tough-guy bully. However, even though Puck is a bully and even shoves around some of the other characters that we like, we still do not dislike him. We don’t see him as the villain even though typically the jock/bully is seen as the â€Å"bad guy. † Plurality is another term we learned regarding postmodernism, and this is when there are multiple stories and multiple identities. This show has so many characters, each with their own personal story and all of their stories get told in one way or another. Within Season 2 episode 8 the character ‘David’ is focused on and he is being questioned about whether he is gay or not. The glee club is a dance singing club but within this is another story. This gives the program room to expand and here for example the program deals with modern day issues that are publicised in the media. Grand narratives are clearly contradicted in this episode as homosexuality is put in the limelight and is praised. One of the male characters shows very feminine attributes and in their rehearsal wears a top which says â€Å"Likes Boys. † This is done to try to numb the shock of homosexuals coming out and normalise it so that the program can move forward. There are different races, different personalities, different handicaps; different cliques, all represented in this show and all of their stories are being told. Nostalgia is another postmodern term represented in  Glee. Many of the songs performed on this show are songs from the past for example Les Miserables – Kareoke and Born this Way. The teacher in charge of Glee Club, Mr. Schuester, loves doing songs from when he was younger and this really brings nostalgia to the show. Convergence, the flow of media content across a range of different platforms is also part of this show. You can download the songs performed on the show, many viewers discuss the show online, and many people attempt to win parts on the show by creating videos of themselves singing and performing and posting them online. There are many forms of media involved with this show other than simply watching the show. Not to mention the fact that you can also watch the show online, just one more form of media regarding this show Glee draws people in by creating stereotypical situations and characters, each with their own flaws that the audience can easily identify with. This identification process allows viewers to become more intimate with the show, especially when the actors begin to sing songs that modern viewers already know and love. Fox originally took a chance on the new musical project, but hedged their bets with innovative marketing strategies and with a huge lead in audience from American Idol. The use of cultural classics and songs that recently premiered on the top 40, drew in the American Idol audience members specifically, and music lovers generally. This target audience was strong in the 18-49 demographic, and particularly strong with women. The strength in these demographics enabled Glee to become the 3rd most expensive show to buy advertisements on. This advertising revenue is supplemented with a steady stream of money made from selling singles on ITunes. This model has been so successful that Glee has now become a tent-pole of its own and anchors the entire comedy lineup on Tuesdays. contrast, in recent years American television has brought us Scrubs, Ugly Betty and now Glee, shows that combine boldly imaginative approaches to narrative with a humour and humanity that is often exhilarating to behold. While we seem to be mired in an endless debate about platforms, content, news values and the multimedia revolution, the Americans have managed to retain an enthusiasm f or the dramatic possibilities of television. And what’s clear is that those possibilities are founded upon an enduring belief in sharp, savvy writing and deeply committed performances. At first sight, Glee (C4) follows a stupefyingly familiar path. It’s set in a midwest high school, amid the over-fictionalised world of geeks and jocks. And in a nod to the High School Musical fad, it focuses on a glee club, or singing society. However, Glee takes these tropes and cliches and stretches them in surprising directions to create a whole new form, as different to its original source as a butterfly is to a caterpillar. Last week, teen pregnancy, the difficulty of coming out in high school, and sexual attraction between teacher and pupil were plot themes but, unlike many American shows, not moral â€Å"issues†. Glee is possessed of a liberal heart but its balls, as well as some of its most memorable lines, belong to the politically incorrect coach, Sue Sylvester (played by Jane Lynch). Like two opposing grammarians, kitsch sentiment and killer sarcasm wrestle over every line. Yet, at the point where conventional drama plunges into pathos, Glee slips into song. At one moment the school quarterback was singing â€Å"I’ll Stand by You† to the ultrasound of his unwanted child (which isn’t his), the next his friends were rallying round in a stirring rendition of â€Å"Lean on Me†. A lot of the humour stems from snappy social observation, but the show also boasts the kind of verbal extravagance that, in the wrong hands, can sound written rather than said. Typical was the scene in which a former schoolgirl stalker, who once responded to rejection by eating a lethally hot pepper, advised her equally deluded successor: â€Å"Let me tell you a few things I learned from two years of intense psychotherapy and an oesophagus transplant. The reason that line worked is the same reason the songs and outrageous storylines work: because the characters are immersed in their own reality. They never act as if they’ve said something funny. There’s no pause for laughter, no nods or winks, as Glee shows the same faith in its audience as it does in its characterisations. Laughter isn’t forced, so isn’t false. In common with Ugly Betty and Scrubs, there is plenty of cultural commentary and knowing asides but failure to spot the reference doesn’t undermine the scene. The action just moves swiftly on. If Glee is postmodern, it doesn’t bother knocking twice. The show has attracted a lot of plaudits, particularly in America, so it’s probably soon due for a backlash. This might be an opportune moment, then, to say that the hype is deserved. It’s a rare and heartening pleasure to watch so much energy and emotion expended in the unfashionable cause of family entertainment. Some of its fans might say Doctor Who performs a similar feat, though really the nearest British television comes, or attempts to come, to Glee is in shows like Strictly Come Dancing. Where US networks can be persuaded to invest in good writing and acting, our TV executives prefer to back the all-dancing duo of celebrity and reality. Only in an atmosphere in which originality is viewed as marginal or suspect could a series like Life of Riley (BBC1) be produced. It may seem unfair to pick out this harmless sitcom as an illustration of the failings of British comedy drama, but perhaps not quite as unfair as the decision to recommission another series. Why is Glee Postmodern? Glee is an American musical-comedy drama series. It started in 2009 and is produced by Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan, who originally wanted Glee to be a film, but decided to make it more interesting as a series. The episode I have chosen to focus on is the ‘Britney/Brittany’ episode, which pays tribute to Britney Spears when a member of the club Brittany Pierce experiences an anesthesia-induced hallucination in which she recreates iconic Spears moments, and comes to self-realization. I believe that this episode shows examples of being postmodern, as for a start the songs are in the past, and therefore have been created from an idea that’s already happened, Postmodernism postulates that many, if not all, apparent realities are only social constructs and are therefore subject to change so Glee supports this view, it highlights that it is taking the original idea (song) that we all know from Britney Spears, and constructing it into their own, like the ‘Toxic’ version they performed on stage, straight away it’s obvious that this episode is showing pastiche, as the hole episode is making tributes to classic pop culture, and it gives us as audience ( or those who are old enough) a nostalgic feeling. One of the theories learned about postmodernism is that it rejects the idea of metanarratives (stories about stories). In postmodernism there is not black and white, good vs. evil, etc. There is the character Puck, a football player who seems to b e your typical tough-guy bully. However, even though Puck is a bully and even shoves around some of the other characters that we like, we still do not dislike him. We don’t see him as the villain even though typically the jock/bully is seen as the â€Å"bad guy,† and in this episode, he shows examples of this by fitting in with the rest of the club and wanting to perform the Britney songs, when typically you’d expect the ‘jock’ to go against this idea as it wasn’t ‘cool enough’. Plurality is another term regarding postmodernism, and this is when there are multiple stories and multiple identities, and this is shown in this particular episode when although the focus is on Britney, there are several storylines going ahead with each individual character like with Will coming to terms that the girl he loves if with someone else, and then the high school problems the glee club members are all facing. The characters are also known for having multiple identities, this episode especially shows the members like Brittany and Rachel dressed up mimicking Britney Spears, and Santana also comes across as being tough, but in this episode she performs with Brittany in ‘Me Against the Music’ and we find out she is also in love with Brittany. Many of the songs performed on this show are songs from the past. The teacher in charge of Glee Club, Mr. Schuster, loves doing songs from when he was younger and this really brings nostalgia to the show, but in this episode he rejects the idea of doing Britney week, as he believes she gives out the wrong messages, but eventually he comes around and performs with them, which causes outrage to the school, which is also very postmodern, although Glee is a fun, light-hearted comedy series, it can also have many adult references in, especially in this episode, which I believe to be very postmodern as it ignores the typical conventions of a ‘high school drama’ and actually takes the stereotypes to an extreme but twists them. Glee has also been quoted to be described as hyper-postmodern media culture. A mash-up of generic influences, intertextual references, music, and ideological content that is both eerily nostalgic and forward-thinking, and this episode is a prime example showing all these things, the fact that the students go to the dentist to get their teeth fixed which is an ‘underlying’ important message, influencing the audience to take care of their selves, its then twisted when they get put under an anesthesia, and hallucinate Britney Spears fantasies, Glee is known for taking simple, conventional ideas and turning them to almost inappropriate. Like two opposing grammarians, kitsch sentiment and killer sarcasm wrestle over every line. Yet, at the point where conventional drama plunges into pathos, Glee slips into song† was quoted by a news article, showing how Glee takes a completely different take on high school drama. Convergence, the flow of media content across a range of different platforms is also part of this show. You can download the songs performed on the show, many viewers discuss the show online, and many people attempt to win parts on the show by creating videos of themselves singing and performing and posting them online. There are many forms of media involved with this show other than simply watching the show. Not to mention the fact that you can also watch the show online, just one more form of media regarding this show. In conclusion, I believe that Glee is postmodern because it uses examples of hyperreality, pastiche, intertextuality and is not your ordinary high school drama. How to cite Glee Essay, Essays

Synbolism in A Dolls House Essay Example For Students

Synbolism in A Dolls House Essay It is important to note that the whole play takes place in one room and that, until the last act, Nora is in every scene; she never seems to leave the roomeverything comes to her. She is literally trapped in domestic comfort. Also, the first Act takes place on Christmas Eve. However, though there is a great deal of talk about morality throughout the play, Christmas is never presented as a religious holiday and religion as a concept is later questioned by Nora in the third Act. In fact, it is discussed primarily as a material experience. This emphasis is similar to the general theme of the centrality of material goods over personal connection. We will write a custom essay on Synbolism in A Dolls House specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This play focuses on the way that women are seen, especially in the context of marriage and motherhood. Torvald, in particular, has a very clear and narrow definition of a womans role. He believes that it is the sacred duty of a woman to be a good wife and mother. Moreover, he tells Nora that women are responsible for the morality of their children. In essence, he sees women as both child-like, helpless creatures detached from reality and influential moral forces responsible for the purity of the world through their influence in the home. The perception of manliness is also discussed, though in a much more subtle way. Noras description of Torvald suggests that she is partially aware of the lies inherent in the male role as much as that of the female. Torvalds conception of manliness is based on the value of total independence. He abhors the idea of financial or moral dependence on anyone. His desire for independence leads to the question of whether he is out of touch with reality. Tied to the discussion of men and women are the frequent references to Noras father. Throughout the play, there are references to Noras father. Furthermore, Nora is frequently equated with him, from her actions (though people think he gave Nora and Torvald the money for their trip to Italy, it was actually Nora) to her disposition. Quotations like the one below suggest that Nora does wish that she were like her father and, taking that further, male. Her desire suggests a deeper understanding of the confinement she faces than might otherwise be apparent. Another central theme of this play is the importance placed on materialism rather than people. This is particularly important for Torvald, whose sense of manhood depends on his independence. In fact, he was an unsuccessful barrister because he refused to take unsavory cases. As a result, he switched to the bank, where he primarily deals with money. In other words, money and materialism can be seen as a way to avoid the complications of personal contact. Torvald calls Nora, as a symbol of woman, a number of names throughout the play. These include little songbird, squirrel, lark, little featherhead, little skylark, little person, and little woman. Torvald is extremely consistent about using the modifier little before the names he calls Nora. These are all usually followed by the possessive my, signaling Torvalds belief that Nora is his. Torvalds chosen names for Nora reveal that he does not see her as an equal by any means; rather, Nora is at times predictable and silly doll and at times a captivating and exotic pet or animal, all created for Torvald. Noras ball dress symbolizes the character she plays in her marriage to Torvald. Take note of when Nora is supposed to be wearing it and for whom. A tarantella is a folk dance from southern Italy that accelerates from its already quick tempo and alternates between major and minor keys. In its constant fluctuation, it is like Noras character. In this Act, it serves as Noras last chance to be Torvalds doll, to dance and amuse him. Also, the tarantella is commonly (and falsely) known as a dance that is supposed to rid the dancer of the bite of the tarantula. Applied to the play, its use suggests that Nora is trying to rid herself of the deadly poison of an outside force, however fruitlessly. Rather than alleviating the bite, though, the music and her life only continue to accelerate and spin out of control. .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9 , .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9 .postImageUrl , .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9 , .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9:hover , .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9:visited , .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9:active { border:0!important; } .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9:active , .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9 .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u171ee53d11b3ee8d1905e4f2bffdf4c9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nutrition in Mountain Biking EssayBy the end of the play, Torvald seems confused as to what to think of Norais she a woman, a creature, or a small child? It is this uncertainty that is the basis of the discussion aspect of the act; the reader or playgoer is left to decide for him/herself. Names include: little skylark, fascinating, charming little darling, my darling wife, my little singing bird, miserable creature, a thoughtless woman, my frightened little singing bird, little, scared darling, blind, foolish woman, and a heedless child. Bibliography: